The ‘golden age’ of Muhammadan culture never existed ex-nihilo from the Meccan cult. Any ‘advances’ in Muhammadan conquered territories were the efforts, purview, and inspiration of the conquered. Advanced civilisations were simply taken over and Arabicized. Outside of some plants and fruit, very little was ‘seeded’ by Muslims into these advanced states. Many lost technology, agriculture, irrigation and advanced society (North African, parts of Spain, the Balkans under the Turks etc). There is no proof that ex-nihilo the Arab or Turkish Muslims invented anything. Classical pagan learning was long preserved, used, and vastly improved by Christians and Jews and these groups within the conquered territories, passed on the ancient learning and technologies to the new masters.
Muhammadan ‘science’ based on the Koran and Hadiths is about as relevant as the scientism of Corona, Globaloneywarming, Wind Turbine bird choppers, or abiogenesis and ‘big bangs’ where the magic happens. If it can’t be observed, replicated and proven, it is not science but philosophy and many philosophies are ‘philo-doxers’ or Sophistry and arcana with no relevancy. Muhammadan ‘science’ is one such example.
Cosomology
Quran and Hadith state the following:
There are 7 heavens visible from the Earth, Sura 23:86, 67:3, 71:15
There are 7 earths, 65:12, 41:9, Book 44 Hadith 3298
The earth is flat, 20:53, 71:19 (a carpet spread out)
And that apparently, it sits on a whale (link), to wit:
“Muhammad reported from Ahmad, from ibn Mahbub, from Jamil ibn Salih, from Aban ibn Taghlib, from Abu Abd Allah (upon whom be peace), who said, I asked him about the earth: Upon which does it stand forth? To which he replied: It stands forth upon a whale”
The Hadiths were written to explicate and clarify the rather confused jumble that makes up the Quran or ‘Recital’ in English (recite and obey). Bukhari’s Hadiths are deemed by Muhammadan ‘scholars’ to be the most authentic (dating from some 200 years post Muhammad’s murder by his own men in 632 AD, tired of his ‘prophecies’ and self-enrichment). In Book 44 Hadith 3298 we have the curious explanation of heaven and earth as given in the narrative where Muhammad’s acolytes question him on the structure and interaction of the material with the immaterial. Muhammad relates the distance between the heavens as 500 years.
“Al-Hasan narrated that: …. Then he (Muhammad) said: ‘Do you know what is above you?’
They said: ‘Allah and His Messenger know better.’
He said: ‘Indeed it is a preserved canopy of the firmament whose surge is restrained.’ Then he said: ‘Do you know how much is between you and between it?’
They said: ‘Allah and His Messenger know better.’
He said: ‘Between you and it [is the distance] of five-hundred year.’ Then he said: ‘Do you know what is above that.’
They said: ‘Allah and His Messenger know better.’
He said: ‘Verily, above that are two Heavens, between the two of them there is a distance of five-hundred years’ – until he enumerated seven Heavens – ‘What is between each of the two Heavens is what is between the heavens and the earth.’ Then he said: ‘Do you know what is above that?’
They said: ‘Allah and His Messenger know better.’
He said: ‘Verily, above that is the Throne between it and the heavens is a distance [like] what is between two of the heavens.’ Then he said: ‘Do you know what is under you?’
They said: ‘Allah and His Messenger know better.
’He said: ‘Indeed it is the earth.’ Then he said: ‘Do you know what is under that?’ They said: ‘Allah and His Messenger know better.’
He said: ‘Verily, below it is another earth, between the two of which is a distance of five-hundred years.’ Until he enumerated seven earths: ‘Between every two earths is a distance of five-hundred years.’”
The above is difficult to comprehend in the light of 7th century Arabian history. Jewish and Christian communities had long thrived in Arabia and were envied by pagan Arabs. This is one reason for the success of the Muslim Jihad – plunder and wealth of the civilised Infidel. This passage reveals the very obvious ignorance of the average pagan Arab during the 7th century. Greek, Roman, Persian, Babylonian astrology had yet to penetrate beyond the cult shrines of Mecca, of which the Al Lah or moon idol of Baal, was but one example. There were many advances pre- and post-dating Ptolemy (1rst century AD), which quite obviously never filtered their way into Bedouin life. The cosmology of the Quran states a lot about the relatively callous and undeveloped nature of Arab life in the 7th century.